Toxicidad de la pollinaza en la alimentacion de bovinos

Respetables Opiniones, Señores Foristas: Mientras se aclaran las dudas, me gustaría conocer los niveles de inclusión en porcentaje de acuerdo al peso vivo por animal, o en otra unidad de medida. Además se habla someramente del tratamiento en caliente; pero pueden explicarlo quienes tienen definitiva experiencia? Por favor? Para disminuir equivocaciones y entre todos aportar a la unificación de criterios? Éxitos en sus labores. Gracias.

Los refranes me gustan por su sabiduría. "Cada quién habla como le fue en la feria." Usted alaba la gallinaza-pollinaza, porque utiliza una de buena calidad, bien procesada, como parte de una ración balanceada. Probablemente con asesoría de alguien con experiencia, conocimientos y sentido común. Usted sataniza la gallinaza-pollinaza, porque a sus animales no les fue bien, su gallinaza probablemente no sirve ni para abono. Lo anterior quizás por desconocimiento, falta de asesoría profesional. O bien poco sentido común: quién da a su hijo una serpiente cuando le pide pan. Quién da a sus animales gallinaza-pollinaza, envenenada? Si Usted quiere ser exitoso (como tantos testimonios vemos en estos foros y que espero seguir enterándome), pregúntele o siga el ejemplo de aquellos ganaderos progresistas. Y lo mejor, busque asesoría profesional de alguien que sepa del asunto, con experiencia y algo de sentido común. De los satanizadores espero sigan manifestando porqué fracasan. De los errores también se aprende.

Escisten m/o que se destruyen a ciertas tempetarura esto significa que debe secarse la gallinaza a una temperatura correcta para evitar contaminacion

La reacción de Maillard debe evitarse. No pasar de 65.0 C.

Respetando opiniones pienso que desde el punto de vista económico la gallinaza es una solución alimenticia pero no es saludable para los animales ni para los que consumimos sus carnes, como dice un viejo proverbio: voz seis lo que coméis. Los bovinos están creados por la naturaleza para halar con la lengua y cortar con sus dientes inferiores y encia superior los brotes tiernos eso nos dice todo. En estados unidos alimentan grandes cantidades de bovinos con granos y se comprobó que estos se fermentan en el sistema digestivo creando gases tóxicos difíciles de expulsar los cuales entran al torrente sanguíneo a través de los tejidos.los sabores de las carnes dependen mucho del alimento que se le suministre.

Buen Día. Según prácticas efectuada por ganaderos, este tipo de complemento son utilizados para lograr acelerar la ganancia en peso en bovinos machos, sobre todo, en la etapa final de la ceba. No se debe alimentar al resto del ganado debido a efecto que tiene en el hígado del animal.

Compañeros yo la uso en ceba y lecheria, solo tengo algo que aportar y consiste en comentarles que yo solo uso pollinaza de granjas automatizadas en cuanto al suministro de alimento y utilizo la cama que esta debajo de los comederos la cual tiene bastante contenido de alimento que riegan las aves y poco contenido de excretas de estas.

Creo que en las raciones con un máximo de un 30% de pollinasa no crea ningun inconveniente en la alimentacion de los bobinos.

insisto que: la pollinaza cribada y cocida como suplemento alimenticio es la oportunidad única para complementar la ración que los animales (de manera natural en el potrero o inducida en los feedlots) puedan generar ma$ con meno$, si somos observadores y críticos las aves en confinamiento prácticamente todo el tiempo están recibiendo medicamentos ya sea por medio del agua o por el alimento, así que es cuestión de enfoques y de no basar la dieta únicamente en la pollinaza, ojo aquí no hay bioterrorismo como mencionaron hace algún tiempo en este foro, es complemento para la dieta, y se puede enriquecer con 25% de sorgo molido y un poco de melaza 3% del total de lo servido en el comedero

Cordial saludo, el nivel inclusión de pollinaza en la dieta depende del tipo de alimento con el que se va a mezclar, cuantos ciclos tiene la pollinaza, etc. La pollinaza es un complemento a la dieta y es necesario que se mezcle con un alimento palatable, la he utilizado con diferentes niveles de inclusión, pero al 15% se consume mas que al 30%, pero al 15%, es mas costoso que al 30%. las ganancias de peso son de alrededor de 800 a 900 grs por día.

Ezelente comentario, cordiales saludos a los foristas, ks invetigdciin acerca del trna de alimentacion de los s animales me d apasiona.actualmente investugi sobre tres olabtas embkematicas en la región de isla de margarita Venezuela, por donde entro todo el ganado de latiniamerica, éstas plsntad son moringa,pira, y rabo de raton, co n altisimas peopiedades de nutrición pronto publics al respecto. Ssñudos

Nunca esta recomendado alimentar rumiante con pollinaza,gallinaza, porquibaza etc. Para mi eso no es alimento y debe hecharlos a los pastos para que produzcan forrajes de calidad

Me gustaría conocer más acerca del uso de la moringa en la alimentación de los bovinos. Alguien que me pueda dar información? Gracias de antemano.

por favor doctor. porque no considera la pollinasa alimento para rumiantes¿ gracias de antemano.

Con mucha pena, me atrevo a dar mi punto de vista sobre este delicado tema. Digo DELICADO, porque la POLLINAZA y GALLINAZA, son compuestos derivados de un proceso alimenticio que no se como llamarlos; si subproductos alimenticios o desechos alimenticios; y que por lo general, están muy a la mano y su utilización o no, es de una importancia relevante para los productores ganaderos. Ningún forista trata este tema profesionalmente. Es decir, con seriedad y análisis. No hablan ni hacen referencias de sus componentes, nutrientes y/o deficiencias específicas, o generales; con que se puede o no mezclar, etc, y las cantidades correspondientes, para formar las raciones. No se concluye nada. De todos éstos, no se saca ninguna conclusión tampoco. Cada quien da sus puntos de vista sin seguir una secuencia de análisis y discución de los comentarios; que nos permita, a los que desconocemos sobre el tema, sacar una conclusión o hacer un juicio que nos sirva para tomar nuestras decisiones en la práctica. Para éso fueron creados estos foros. Me da pena decirlo, pero se requiere en estos foros, mas seriedad. Gracias por su amable atención.

El tratamiento térmico de la pollinaza tiene como fin alcanzar temperaturas superiores a 40° C. en 48 horas para eliminar el virus de influencia aviar. la norma no estable la temperatura. el tratamiento , no esta destinado para mejorar las propiedades físico-químicas de la fuente de nnp. se recomienda no proporcionar esta fuente de nitrógeno a bovinos menores de 6 meses, finalmente necesitar balancear la dieta por un especialista para poder establecer el % de inclusión para este ejercicio, no se puede dar una recomendación precisa para tu caso, no se tienen todos los elementos,

Es muy simple. La pollinaza y gallinaza no deben ser usadas en alimentación animal debido a las toxinas que no pueden ser eliminadas ni con tratamiento térmico (la Alfa-Toxina del Clostridium perfringens es termodúrica), ni con fermentación ni con ninguno de los métodos que hemos evaluado hasta la fecha. El animal que consume al menos 7% de gallinaza en la dieta se convierte en un almacén de toxinas a partir de los 45 días consumiéndola. Estas investigaciones son propias. Otros autores que refieren sobre esta toxina pueden ser encontrados en los siguientes enlaces (Después de leer esto, usted tendrá un conflicto ético si utiliza pollinaza o gallinaza): Para entender mejor del la seriedad del asunto: http://www.scielo.org.ar/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0325-75412009000400010 Su detección ya es fácil (enfermedades que produce en animales): http://euroveterinaria.com/index.php?id_product=129&controller=product Sobre destrucción de células alveolares humanas e intentos por disminuir la secreción de la Alfa-Toxina: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0325754117301335 Bioterrorismo: la gangrena gaseosa que se presentaba en la Primera Guerra Mundial: http://www.elsitioavicola.com/intestinalhealth/issue17/edician-latinoamericana-4/110/la-toxina-alfa-un-afactor-primarioat/ Sobre Enteritis necrótica en pollos: http://www.thepoultrysite.com/intestinalhealth/issue17/latino-amrica-edicin-4/105/conociendo-mejor-a-la-toxina-alfa/ Menos peligrosa, la de E. coli: http://www.scielo.org.ar/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0325-29572013000200012 http://sedici.unlp.edu.ar/handle/10915/45707 Otros estudios científico (cuyos artículos originales tenemos disponibles) I. Clostridium perfringens epsilon toxin inhibits the gastrointestinal transit in mice. Source: Research in Veterinary Science, 2010, 89 (3), 404-408. Author(s): Losada-Eaton-D, Fernandez-Miyakawa-M. Author Affiliation: M.E. Fernandez-Miyakawa. Instituto de Patobiologia, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Agropecuarias, Instituto Nacional de Tecnologia Agropecuaria, Calle Las Cabanas y Los Reseros s/n, Casilla de Correo 25 (1712), Castelar, Buenos Aires, Argentina Abstract: Epsilon toxin produced by Clostridium perfringens type B and D is a potent toxin that is responsible for a highly fatal enterotoxemia in sheep and goats. In vitro, epsilon toxin produces contraction of the rat ileum as the result of an indirect action, presumably mediated through the autonomic nervous system. To examine the impact of epsilon toxin in the intestinal transit, gastric emptying (GE) and gastrointestinal transit (GIT) were evaluated after intravenous and oral administration of (... more) Language: English Issn: 0034-5288 Subjects: Clostridium perfringens, Toxins, Clostridium, Inhibition, Products, Intestines, Mice Descriptors: Clostridium perfringens, Epsilon toxin, Intestinal transit, Enterotoxemia Copyright: Copyright (c) 2013 Association for Veterinary Teaching and Research Work II. Binding of @?-toxin from Clostridium perfringens in the nervous system. Source: Veterinary Microbiology, 2008, 131 (1-2), 14-25. Author(s): Dorca-Arevalo-J, Soler-Jover-A, Gibert-M, Popoff-M, Martin-Satue-M, Blasi-J. Author Affiliation: Juan Blasi. Laboratori de Neurobiologia Cel.lular i Molecular, Departament de Patologia i Terapeutica Experimental, Campus de Bellvitge, Universitat de Barcelona-IDIBELL, c/Feixa Llarga s/n, 08907 L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain Abstract: Epsilon-toxin (@?-toxin), produced by Clostridium perfringens type D, is the main agent responsible for enterotoxaemia in livestock. Neurological disorders are a characteristic of the onset of toxin poisoning. @?-Toxin accumulates specifically in the central nervous system, where it produces a glutamatergic-mediated excitotoxic effect. However, no detailed study of putative binding structures in the nervous tissue has been carried out to date. Here we attempt to identify specific acceptor (... more) Language: English Issn: 0378-1135 Subjects: Clostridium perfringens, Nervous system, Toxins, Products, Clostridium, Protein products, Brain, Cattle, Nerves, Sheep Descriptors: @?-Toxin, Clostridium perfringens, Myelin, Glutamate release Copyright: Copyright (c) 2013 Elsevier B.V. III Virulence genes of Clostridium perfringens Source: Annual Review of Microbiology, 1998, 52 (N0), 333-360 Author(s): Rood-J-I Author Affiliation: Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Clayton 3168, Australia Language: English Issn: 0066-4227 Subjects: Clostridium perfringens, Genes, Pathogenicity Descriptors: genes. virulence. reviews. toxins. pathogenesis. enterotoxins. food-poisoning Organism Descriptors: Clostridium-perfringens. man. animals Copyright: Copyright CAB International IV Development of a cell culture assay for the quantitative determination of vaccination-induced antibodies in rabbit sera against Clostridium perfringens epsilon toxin and Clostridium novyi alpha toxin Source: Veterinary Microbiology, 2006, 114 (1-2), 41-50 Author(s): Borrmann-E, Schulze-F, Cussler-K, Hanel-I, Diller-R Author Affiliation: E. Borrmann. Institute of Molecular Pathogenesis at the Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Naumburger Str. 96 a, D-07743 Jena, Germany Abstract: Cell culture assays are possible alternatives to replace in vivo neutralization tests currently required for potency testing of clostridial vaccines. Cell culture assays based on the MDCK cell line and the Vero cell line which are sensitive to the Clostridium (C.) perfringens type D epsilon toxin and Clostridium novyi type B alpha toxin, respectively, were developed, and the test conditions were standardized. The antibody titres of vaccinated rabbits measured in vitro were compared with t (... more) Language: English Issn: 0378-1135 Subjects: Cell culture, Rabbits, Cells, In vitro, Clostridium, Toxins, Vaccination, Antibodies, Neutralization, Testing Descriptors: C. perfringens type D, Epsilon toxin, C. novyi type B, Alpha toxin, Clostridial vaccines, Potency test, Cell culture assay Copyright: Copyright (c) 2013 Elsevier B.V. V. Clostridium perfringens toxin-types in lambs and kids affected with gastroenteric pathologies in Italy Source: The Veterinary Journal, 2005, 170 (3), 346-350 Author(s): Greco-G, Madio-A, Buonavoglia-D, Totaro-M, Corrente-M, Martella-V, Buonavoglia-C Author Affiliation: Grazia Greco. Department of Animal Health and Wellbeing, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari, 70010 Valenzano, Italy Abstract: A study was carried out in the South of Italy to assess the role of clostridia in neonatal diseases of lambs and kids. Eighty-seven lambs and 15 kids belonging to 25 flocks were examined and Clostridium perfringens was the microorganism most commonly identified. C. perfringens isolates were analysed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR), in order to determine the prevalence of the genes cpa, cpb, cpb2, etx, iap and cpe. The most prevalent toxin-type of C. perfringens was found to be type A f (... more) Language: English Issn: 1090-0233 Subjects: Clostridium perfringens, Clostridium, Kids, Lambs, T-2 toxin, PCR, Genes, Vaccination, Isolation, Casings Descriptors: Clostridium perfringens, Clostridial disease, @b"2-toxin, Enterotoxin, Enteritis Copyright: Copyright (c) 2013 Elsevier Ltd VI. Characterization of the high affinity binding of epsilon toxin from Clostridium perfringens to the renal system Source: Veterinary Microbiology, 2012, 157 (1-2), 179-189 Author(s): Dorca-Arevalo-J, Martin-Satue-M, Blasi-J Author Affiliation: Juan Blasi. Department of Pathology and Experimental Therapeutics, School of Medicine, Campus of Bellvitge, Health Universitat de Barcelona Campus (HUBc), University of Barcelona, c/Feixa Llarga s/n 08907, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain Abstract: Epsilon toxin (@?-toxin), produced by Clostridium perfringens types B and D, causes fatal enterotoxaemia in livestock. In the renal system, the toxin binds to target cells before oligomerization, pore formation and cell death. Still, there is little information about the cellular and molecular mechanism involved in the initial steps of the cytotoxic action of @?-toxin, including the specific binding to the target sensitive cells. In the present report, the binding step of @?-toxin to the (... more) Language: English Issn: 0378-1135 Subjects: Clostridium perfringens, Toxins, Clostridium, Cells, Kidneys, Additives, Surfactants Descriptors: Epsilon toxin, Clostridium perfringens, MDCK cell line, Enterotoxaemia, Pulpy kidney Copyright: Copyright (c) 2013 Elsevier B.V. VII Clostridium perfringens beta-toxin targets endothelial cells in necrotizing enteritis in piglets Source: Veterinary Microbiology, 2009, 137 (3-4), 320-325 Author(s): Miclard-J, Jaggi-M, Sutter-E, Wyder-M, Grabscheid-B, Posthaus-H Author Affiliation: H. Posthaus. Institute of Animal Pathology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, PO-Box 8466, 3001 Bern, Switzerland Abstract: Beta-toxin (CPB) is known to be the major virulence factor of Clostridium perfringens type C strains, which cause necrotizing enteritis in pigs, sheep, goats, calves, and humans. The exact mode of action, in particular the cellular targets of CPB in the intestine of naturally affected species, is however still not resolved. To investigate localization of CPB in naturally occurring necrotizing enteritis, we evaluated 52 piglets with spontaneously acquired C. perfringens type C enteritis an (... more) Language: English Issn: 0378-1135 Subjects: Clostridium perfringens, Enteritis, Cells, Clostridium, Necrosis, Piglets, Intestines Descriptors: Clostridium perfringens, Beta-toxin, Necrotizing enteritis, Immunohistochemistry, Endothelial cell Copyright: Copyright (c) 2013 Elsevier B.V. VIII Clostridium perfringens beta-toxin targets endothelial cells in necrotizing enteritis in piglets Source: Veterinary Microbiology, 2009, 137 (3-4), 320-325 Author(s): Miclard-J, Jaggi-M, Sutter-E, Wyder-M, Grabscheid-B, Posthaus-H Author Affiliation: H. Posthaus. Institute of Animal Pathology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, PO-Box 8466, 3001 Bern, Switzerland Abstract: Beta-toxin (CPB) is known to be the major virulence factor of Clostridium perfringens type C strains, which cause necrotizing enteritis in pigs, sheep, goats, calves, and humans. The exact mode of action, in particular the cellular targets of CPB in the intestine of naturally affected species, is however still not resolved. To investigate localization of CPB in naturally occurring necrotizing enteritis, we evaluated 52 piglets with spontaneously acquired C. perfringens type C enteritis an (... more) Language: English Issn: 0378-1135 Subjects: Clostridium perfringens, Enteritis, Cells, Clostridium, Necrosis, Piglets, Intestines Descriptors: Clostridium perfringens, Beta-toxin, Necrotizing enteritis, Immunohistochemistry, Endothelial cell Copyright: Copyright (c) 2013 Elsevier B.V. IX Real-time multiplex PCR assays for reliable detection of Clostridium perfringens toxin genes in animal isolates Source: Veterinary Microbiology, 2008, 127 (1-2), 179-185 Author(s): Albini-S, Brodard-I, Jaussi-A, Wollschlaeger-N, Frey-J, Miserez-R, Abril-C Author Affiliation: C. Abril. Institute of Veterinary Bacteriology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland Abstract: Typing of Clostridium perfringens strains by PCR-based determination of toxin genes proved to be a reliable method for diagnosis of enterotoxaemia in various animal species. We report the establishment and validation of three real-time fluorogenic (TaqMan^(R)) multiplex PCRs for the detection of C. perfringens @a-, @b-, @b2-, @?-, entero- and @i-toxin genes. The composition of the PCRs was chosen with regard to robustness of the assays and in order to increase sensitivity compared to the (... more) Language: English Issn: 0378-1135 Subjects: Clostridium perfringens, PCR, Clostridium, Genes, Toxins, Design, Animals, Isolation, Wells, Species Descriptors: Clostridium perfringens, Toxin typing, Real-time multiplex PCR, Enterotoxaemia, Quantitation Copyright: Copyright (c) 2013 Elsevier B.V. X The expression of Clostridium perfringens consensus beta2 toxin is associated with bovine enterotoxaemia syndrome Source: Veterinary Microbiology, 2007, 120 (1-2), 151-157 Author(s): Lebrun-M, Filee-P, Mousset-B, Desmecht-D, Galleni-M, Mainil-J, Linden-A Author Affiliation: M. Lebrun. Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases (Bacteriology), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liege, Liege 4000, Belgium Abstract: Clostridium perfringens has been implicated in a broad array of enteric infections including the fatal haemorrhagic enteritis/enterotoxaemia syndrome in cattle. The beta2 toxin (CPB2), encoded by cpb2, is suspected to be implicated in this syndrome. However, among C. perfringens isolates from cattle suspected of clostridial disease, an atypical allele was recently found to predominate at the cpb2 locus and atypical corresponding CPB2 proteins were shown to be poorly expressed, thus arguin (... more) Language: English Issn: 0378-1135 Subjects: Clostridium perfringens, Clostridium, Toxins, Cattle, Enteritis, Variants, Genes, Immunoblotting, Calves, Bovinae Descriptors: Clostridium perfringens, Bovine enterotoxaemia, Beta2-toxin, Atypic allele, Expression Copyright: Copyright (c) 2013 Elsevier B.V. XI A role for the Clostridium perfringens ß2 toxin in bovine enterotoxaemia? Source: Veterinary Microbiology, 2002, 86 (3), 191-202 Author(s): Manteca-C, Daube-G, Jauniaux-T, Linden-A, Pirson-V, Detilleux-J, Ginter-A, Coppe-P, Kaeckenbeeck-A, Mainil-J Author Affiliation: J.G Mainil. Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases-Bacteriology, Veterinary Faculty, University of Liege, Liege B4000, Belgium Abstract: Non-enterotoxigenic type A Clostridium perfringens are associated with bovine enterotoxaemia, but the a toxin is not regarded as responsible for the production of typical lesions of necrotic and haemorrhagic enteritis. The purpose of this study was to investigate the putative role of the more recently described ß2 toxin. Seven hundred and fourteen non-enterotoxigenic type A C. perfringens isolated from 133 calves with lesions of enterotoxaemia and high clostridial cell counts (study popul (... more) Language: English Issn: 0378-1135 Subjects: Clostridium perfringens, Toxins, Clostridium, Bovinae, Cell counting, Family planning, Political systems, Haemorrhage, Cells, Calves Descriptors: Clostridium perfringens, Toxins, Cattle-bacteria, Enterotoxaemia Copyright: Copyright (c) 2013 Elsevier B.V. XII Characterisation of the calcium-binding C-terminal domain of Clostridium perfringens alpha-toxin Source: Journal of Molecular Biology, 1999, 294 (3), 757-770 Author(s): Naylor-CE, Jepson-M, Crane-DT, Titball-RW, Miller-J, Basak-AK, Bolgiano-B Author Affiliation: Department of Crystallography, Birkbeck College, London, UK Abstract: Alpha-toxin is the key determinant in gas-gangrene. The toxin, a phospholipase C, cleaves phosphatidylcholine in eukaryotic cell membranes. Calcium ions have been shown to be required for the specific binding of toxin to membranes prior to phospholipid cleavage. Reported X-ray crystallographic structures of the toxin show that the C-terminal domain has a fold that is analogous to the eukaryotic calcium and membrane-binding C2 domains. We report the binding sites for three calcium ions tha (... more) Language: English Issn: 0022-2836 Geographic Location: ENGLAND Subjects: Clostridium perfringens, Clostridium, Protein products, Fluorescence, Esterases, Ions, Spectrometry, Calcium, Toxins, Tryptophan Descriptors: Bacterial Toxins. Binding Sites. Calcium. Calcium-Binding Proteins. Chelating Agents. Circular Dichroism. Clostridium perfringens. Crystallography, X-Ray. Egtazic Acid. Hydrogen Bonding. Models, Molecular. Molecular Sequence Data. Phospholipase C. Protein Conformation. Spectrometry, Fluorescence. Spectrophotometry, Ultraviolet. Structure-Activity Relationship XIII Participation of reactive oxygen metabolites in Clostridium difficile toxin A-induced enteritis in rats Source: American Journal of Physiology, 1999, 276 (2_Part_1), G485-G490 Author(s): Qiu-B, Pothoulakis-C, Castagliuolo-I, Nikulasson-S, LaMont-JT Author Affiliation: Division of Gastroenterology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA Abstract: Reactive oxygen metabolites (ROMs) contribute to the pathophysiology of intestinal inflammation. Our aim was to ascertain the involvement of ROMs in experimental ileitis in rats produced by toxin A of Clostridium difficile. Intraluminal toxin A caused a significant increase in hydroxyl radical and hydrogen peroxide production by ileal microsomes starting 1 h following toxin exposure and peaking at 2-3 h, and this was inhibited by pretreatment with DMSO, a ROM scavenger, or superoxide dism (... more) Language: English Issn: 0002-9513 Geographic Location: UNITED STATES Subjects: Clostridium difficile, Toxins, Clostridium, Metabolites, Oxygen, Xanthine oxidase, Superoxide dismutase, Free radicals, Enteritis, Xanthines Descriptors: Animal. Dimethyl Sulfoxide. Enteritis. *Enterotoxins. Free Radical Scavengers. Ileum. In Vitro. Intestinal Mucosa. Male. Neutrophils. Peroxidase. Rats. Rats, Wistar. Reactive Oxygen Species. Superoxide Dismutase. Support, Non-U.S. Gov't. Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.. Xanthine Oxidase XIV Analysis of the catalytic site of the actin ADP-ribosylating Clostridium perfringens iota toxin Source: FEBS Letters, 1996, 380 (3), 291-295 Author(s): van-Damme-J, Jung-M, Hofmann-F, Just-I, Vandekerckhove-J, Aktories- K Author Affiliation: Institute for Biotechnology, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Gent, Belgium Abstract: The enzyme component of actin ADP-ribosylating Clostridium perfringens iota toxin was affinity labelled by UV irradiation in the presence of [carbonyl-14C]NAD. A peptide containing the radiolabel was generated by CNBr cleavage and subsequent proteolysis with trypsin. Its amino acid sequence is Gly-Ser-Pro- Gly-Ala-Tyr-Leu-Ser-Ala-Ile-Pro-Gly-Tyr-Ala-Gly-X-Tyr-Glu-Va l-Leu- Leu-Asn-His-Gly-Ser-Lys corresponding with the region Gly-363 through Lys-388 in the C. perfringens iota toxin. Mass (... more) Language: English Issn: 0014-5793 Subjects: Glutamic acid, Clostridium perfringens, Amino acid sequences, Amino acids, Acids, Actin, Clostridium, Toxins, Peptides, Data Descriptors: Actins. Adenosine Diphosphate Ribose. Affinity Labels. Amino Acid Sequence. Bacterial Toxins. Binding Sites. Catalysis. Clostridium perfringens. Cyanogen Bromide. Glutamic Acid. Molecular Sequence Data. NAD. Peptide Fragments. Photochemistry. Ultraviolet Rays XV Clostridium absonum alpha-toxin: New insights into clostridial phospholipase C substrate binding and specificity Source: Journal of Molecular Biology, 2003, 333 (4), 759-769 Author(s): Clark-Graeme-C, Briggs-David-C, Karasawa-Tadahiro, Wang-Xingmin, Cole-Ambrose-R, Maegawa-Tsuneo, Jayasekera-Pramukh-N, Naylor-Claire-E, Miller-Julie, Moss-David-S, Nakamura-Shinichi, Basak-Ajit-K, Titball-Richard-W Author Affiliation: School of Crystallography, Birkbeck College, Malet Street, London, WC1E 7HX, UK Abstract: Clostridium absonum phospholipase C (Caa) is a 42.7 kDa protein, which shows 60% amino acid sequence identity with the Clostridium perfringens phospholipase C, or alpha-toxin (Cpa), and has been isolated from patients suffering from gas gangrene. We report the cloning and sequencing, purification, characterisation and crystal structure of the Caa enzyme. Caa had twice the phospholipid-hydrolysing (lecithinase) activity, 1.5 times the haemolytic activity and over seven times the activity t (... more) Language: English Issn: 0022-2836 Subjects: Esterases, Clostridium, Clostridium perfringens, Liposomes (organelles), Necrosis, Clones, Enzymes, Mice, Species, Timing Descriptors: Enzymology-: Biochemistry-and-Molecular-Biophysics; Infection-; Toxicology- alpha-toxin: lecithinase-, phospholipase-C; para-nitrophenylphosphorylcholine; phosphatidylcholine-; sphingomyelin- gas-gangrene: (Gas-Gangrene-(MeSH)), bacterial-disease enzyme-substrate-interaction; interspecific-amino-acid-sequence-comparison; virulence- Identifiers: X-ray-crystallography: crystallographic-techniques, laboratory-techniques; cloning-: genetic-techniques, laboratory-techniques; protein-sequencing: genetic-techniques, laboratory-techniques Organism Descriptors: Clostridium-absonum (Endospore-forming-Gram-Positives): species-, pathogen-; Clostridium-perfringens (Endospore-forming-Gram-Positives): species-; human- (Hominidae-): common-; mouse- (Muridae-): common- liposome-; red-blood-cell: blood-and-lymphatics Copyright: Biological Abstracts Inc. (BIOSIS) All Rights Reserved XVI Tyrosine 331 and phenylalanine 334 in Clostridium perfringens alpha-toxin are essential for cytotoxic activity Source: FEBS Letters, 2001, 495 (3), 172-177 Author(s): Jepson-M, Bullifent-HL, Crane-D, Flores-Diaz-M, Alape-Giron-A, Jayasekeera-P, Lingard-B, Moss-D, Titball-RW Author Affiliation: Defense Evaluation Research Agency, CBD Porton Down, Salisbury, UK Abstract: Differences in the biological properties of the Clostridium perfringens phospholipase C (alpha-toxin) and the C. bifermentans phospholipase C (Cbp) have been attributed to differences in their carboxy-terminal domains. Three residues in the carboxy-terminal domain of alpha-toxin, which have been proposed to play a role in membrane recognition (D269, Y331 and F334), are not conserved in Cbp (Y, L and I respectively). We have characterised D269Y, Y331L and F334I variant forms of alpha-toxin (... more) Issn: 0014-5793 Geographic Location: Netherlands Subjects: Clostridium perfringens, Tyrosine, Phenylalanine, Clostridium, Esterases, Variants, Cells, Phospholipids, Membranes, Toxicity Descriptors: Animal. Aspartic Acid. Bacterial Toxins. Binding Sites. Calcium-Binding Proteins. Cell Line. Cell Membrane. Hamsters. Isoleucine. Leucine. Liposomes. Models, Molecular. Mutagenesis, Site-Directed. Phenylalanine. Phospholipase C. Phospholipids. Support, Non-U.S. Gov't. Tyrosine XVI Lethal toxin of Clostridium sordellii is associated with fatal equine atypical myopathy Source: Veterinary Microbiology, 2010, 144 (3-4), 487-492 Author(s): Unger-Torroledo-L, Straub-R, Lehmann-A, Graber-F, Stahl-C, Frey-J, Gerber-V, Hoppeler-H, Baum-O Author Affiliation: Joachim Frey. Department of Veterinary Bacteriology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland Abstract: The lethal toxin of Clostridium sordellii (TcsL) evokes severe, mostly fatal disease patterns like toxic shock syndrome in humans and animals. Since this large clostridial toxin-induced severe muscle damaging when injected intramuscularly into mice, we hypothesized that TcsL is also associated with equine atypical myopathy (EAM), a fatal myodystrophy of hitherto unknown etiology. Transmission electron microscopy revealed skeletal and heart muscles of EAM-affected horses to undergo degener (... more) Language: English Issn: 0378-1135 Subjects: Clostridium, Toxins, Muscular diseases, Horses, Damage, Antibodies, Microscopy, Muscles, Associations, Mice Descriptors: Equine atypical myopathy, Clostridium, Clostridium sordellii, Lethal toxin Copyright: Copyright (c) 2013 Elsevier B.V. XVII Clostridium perfringens type C and Clostridium difficile co-infection in foals Source: Veterinary Microbiology, 2012, 156 (3-4), 395-402 Author(s): Uzal-F, Diab-S, Blanchard-P, Moore-J, Anthenill-L, Shahriar-F, Garcia-J, Songer-J Author Affiliation: F.A. Uzal. California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory, San Bernardino Branch, UC Davis, CA, USA Abstract: Clostridium perfringens type C is one of the most important agents of enteric disease in newborn foals. Clostridium difficile is now recognized as an important cause of enterocolitis in horses of all ages. While infections by C. perfringens type C or C. difficile are frequently seen, we are not aware of any report describing combined infection by these two microorganisms in foals. We present here five cases of foal enterocolitis associated with C. difficile and C. perfringens type C infec (... more) Language: English Issn: 0378-1135 Subjects: Clostridium perfringens, Clostridium difficile, Foals, Clostridium, Postmortem examination, Haemorrhage, Toxins, Enteritis, PCR, Infection Descriptors: Clostridium perfringens type C, Clostridium difficile, Colitis, Enteritis, Foals Copyright: Copyright (c) 2013 Elsevier B.V. XVIII Dynamics of plc gene transcription and a-toxin production during growth of Clostridium perfringens strains with contrasting a-toxin production Source: Veterinary Microbiology, 2009, 139 (1-2), 202-206 Author(s): Abildgaard-L, Schramm-A, Rudi-K, Hojberg-O Author Affiliation: Ole Hojberg. Department of Animal Health and Bioscience, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, Aarhus University, P.O. Box 50, DK-8830 Tjele, Denmark Abstract: The aim of the present study was to investigate transcription dynamics of the a-toxin-encoding plc gene relative to two housekeeping genes (gyrA and rplL) in batch cultures of three Clostridium perfringens strains with low, intermediate, and high levels of a-toxin production, respectively. The plc transcript level was always low in the low a-toxin producing strain. For the two other strains, plc transcription showed an inducible pattern and reached a maximum level in the late exponential (... more) Language: English Issn: 0378-1135 Subjects: Transcription, Toxins, Genes, Clostridium perfringens, Clostridium, Production, Restricted feeding, Growth Descriptors: plc transcription, Real-time PCR, [abr] NE; necrotic enteritis, [abr] RT; reverse transcription, [abr] MDAP; maximum detected a-toxin production, C. perfringens, a-Toxin production Copyright: Copyright (c) 2013 Elsevier B.V. XIX Clinicopathological observations of Clostridium perfringens toxins in experimental guineapigs Source: Indian Veterinary Journal, 1999, 76 (6), 497-500 Author(s): Rahman-M-S, Rahman-M-M, Khan-M-A-H-N-A Author Affiliation: Department of Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh-2202, Bangladesh Abstract: Crude Clostridium perfringens toxins from infected calves showing signs of enterotoxaemia were injected i.p. or intradermally at various dose rates into laboratory guineapigs. Intradermal injection had a dermonecrotic effect at the injection site, and the animals showed general depression; by i.p. injection, 0.2 ml of the toxins did not give a reaction, but 0.3 ml produced typical clinical signs and pathological changes in the digestive tract, brain, meninges and lymphoid organs. It is co (... more) Language: English Issn: 0019-6479 Subjects: Clostridium perfringens, Clostridium, Guinea pigs, Injection, Toxins, Models Descriptors: experimental-infection. endotoxins. intraperitoneal-injection. models. bacterial-diseases Identifiers: intradermal injection Organism Descriptors: Clostridium-perfringens. guineapigs Copyright: Copyright CAB International XX Thermoaciduric Clostridium pasteurianum Spoilage of Shelf-Stable Apple Juice Source: Journal of Food Protection, 2010, 73 (10), 1886-1890 Author(s): Feng-Guopin, Churey-John-J, Worobo-Randy-W, (rww8@cornell.edu) Author Affiliation: Worobo, Randy W.; Cornell Univ, Dept Food Sci, Geneva, NY 14456 USA Abstract: Clostridium pasteurianum BB, a saccharolytic and spore-forming obligate anaerobe, was isolated and identified from shelf-stable apple juice that was responsible for multiple large spoilage outbreaks. The growth and sporulation conditions of C. pasteurianum were atypical compared with those previously published. C. pasteurianum spores were heat resistant in apple juice at pH 3.80, with D-values at 80, 85, and 90 degrees C being 34.4, 15.9, and 4.4 min, respectively, and a z-value of 11 deg (... more) Language: English Issn: 0362-028X Subjects: Apple juice, Clostridium pasteurianum, Clostridium, Deterioration, Spores, Germination, Ph, Apples, Heating, Isolation Descriptors: Foods apple juice (beverage), food spoilage, shelf stability, juice pH, germination capability Copyright: Biological Abstracts Inc. (BIOSIS) All Rights Reserved XXI Lethal effects of Clostridium perfringens epsilon toxin are potentiated by alpha and perfringolysin-O toxins in a mouse model Source: Veterinary Microbiology, 2008, 127 (3-4), 379-385 Author(s): Fernandez-Miyakawa-M, Jost-B, Billington-S, Uzal-F Author Affiliation: Francisco A. Uzal. California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory System, San Bernardino Branch, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, 105 W Central Avenue, San Bernardino, CA 92408, USA Abstract: Epsilon toxin (ETX) is the most important virulence factor of Clostridium perfringens type D. Two other important toxins, alpha toxin (CPA) and perfringolysin-O (PFO), are encoded and potentially produced by most C. perfringens type D isolates. The biological effects of these toxins are dissimilar although they are all lethal. Since the possible interaction of these toxins during infection is unknown, the effects of CPA and PFO on the lethal activity of ETX were studied in a mouse model. (... more) Language: English Issn: 0378-1135 Subjects: Clostridium perfringens, Toxins, Clostridium, Injection, Inoculation, Survival, Models, Mice, Reduction, Imports Descriptors: Clostridium perfringens, Epsilon toxin, Alpha toxin, Perfringolysin-O, Synergism Copyright: Copyright (c) 2013 Elsevier B.V.

Definitivamente, respetable para quien NO quiera utilizar la pollinaza, siempre como decisión personal, es tan correcto y válido como los que SI queremos utilizarla, es cuestión de enfoques, cuestión de libros, cuestión de muchos factores que creo nunca terminaríamos de debatir aquí, así pues insisto, mientras esté cocida y cribada la pollinaza no debe dar problemas en su uso como COMPLEMENTO en la alimentación de ganado bovino, aclarando que no queremos envenenar a nadie, ni mucho menos hacerle daño a las vacas, ambos son lo mas importante al final de cuentas para que la cadena siga funcionando, proteger al consumidor y nuestro hato es fundamental para todos, nosotros no vendemos leche, estamos enfocados en producir becerros para repasto y engorde, y después de años no tenemos problema alguno, creo que la visita de las aves silvestres a los bebederos de las vacas y su excreta recurrente sobre el agua, es mas peligroso que el utilizar pollinaza, y tampoco ha pasado nada afortunadamente, saludos a todos

Estmados foristas tengo un comentario al respecto y es el siguiente el uso de excretas como la pollinaza en ganado de engorda no tiene ningún problema y es buena fuente de nutrientes en cantidades moderadas y en base a las raciones por lo que son porcentajes que no tienen efectos negativos sino al contrario, por otra parte en ganado lechero no esta indicada por sus efectos negativos en la fertilidad basado en estudios y por los altos niveles de Urea así mismo también no recomendada en la cría y engorda de ovinos primeramente por el cambio en el color de la carne y por sus alta concentración de cobre que produce efectos tóxicos a nivel de hígado de ahí y con algunas excepciones la pollinaza especificamente aporta buenos resultados en la engorda de bovinos de carne, además de que se utilizado por muchos años, es una humilde opinión, saludos cordiales a todos los foristas

Mi estimado doctor vasquez, yo tengo mas de treinta años trabajando con pollinza y le puedo asegurar que nunca he tenido problemas con intoxicaciones. Creo que sus comentarios son muy alarmistas y no comparto su opinion. Con el debido respeto