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 | Canola protein to feed aquaculture - 05/15/2008
Protein extracted from Saskatchewan canola could be finding its way to fish farms around the world to replace the disappearing Peruvian anchovy. Toronto-based Bio-Extraction Inc. is building a $10-million low-volume, low-temperature canola... |
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 | Quality of cured and smoked salmon and trout generally good - 05/15/2008
NIFES has analysed 70 smoked or cured salmon and trout products from leading retailers and manufacturers in Norway. None of the products contained concentrations of undesirable substances above the EU´s maximum levels, and the microbiological... |
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The use of acid-based preservatives as storage control for fish, offal or by-catch |
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Author: Christian Lückstädt, PhD in Fish Nutrition - ADDCON Nordic AS, Norway
Almost one-third of the world fish harvest is not used for direct human consumption, but is converted into fish meal or fish oil for further application in animal feed. Therefore, about 25 million tonnes of fish are annually handled and processed in ways other than fresh, frozen, smoked or canned which are eaten (Balios, 2003).
The supply of huge volumes of high quality fish meal is necessary to supply the rapid growing aquaculture industry, which is growing with around 10% annually (FAO). The amount of high quality fish meal of the total amount of fish meal is expected to grow from 8% to 50% during the next 30 years (Hydro Norway, 2000).
Acid preservation of fish and fish viscera to produce fish silage has been a common practice and its final product has been widely used in fish feeds with reported beneficial effects (Gildbert and Raa, 1977; Åsgård and Austreng, 1981). It is a widely used method in many European countries to preserve fish-by-products as well as freshly caught “industrial fish” for further fish meal or fish oil production with formic acid or potassium diformate in order to prolong fishing time or to extend the storage duration of those fish.
Fig 1.: Freshly caught fish is stored in a bunker with iced-water treated with potassium diformate
Several studies proved the performance enhancing effects of acid-treated fish meal on fish. Such a study for instance was carried out with Atlantic salmon Salmo salar (Christiansen and Lückstädt, 2008). Salmon with a mean weight of 270 g were randomly distributed between 9 fibre glass tanks (1m3), with 50 fish in each tank. The tanks were supplied with 20 litres per minute of sea water (30-32‰) for a total experimental period of 126 days. Fish fed pelleted diets containing potassium diformate (KDF) enriched fishmeal had a numerically increased body weight gain (17% and 19% for 0.8% and 1.4% KDF inclusion rate respectively). The SGR of fish fed 1.4% KDF tended to be higher (P=0.055) compared to the negative control. Furthermore, both groups treated with KDF had a significantly better feed conversion ratio (P<0.05). It was seen as well, that the uniformity of fish fed KDF treated fishmeal was improved.
However, the existing storage procedure for fish is currently adjusted to low temperatures of about 5°C. At those temperatures the suitable storage period of fish and fish by-products can be prolonged with the aid of acid-based preservatives to roughly 3 times the normal storing period without preservatives.
Since there is growing interest onto preservation of fish in the “booming” aquaculture regions of South East Asia or Latin America in order to preserve industrial fish, fish waste, by-catch and surplus fish as well, trials needed to be carried out, which adapt to those situations. Therefore a trial was designed to store fish (sardines) at higher temperatures.
The present study examined the effectiveness of a blend of potassium diformate, antioxidant and corrosion inhibitor (FishForm® Plus) as a preservative of sardines at different elevated temperatures (9.8°C and 15.7°C). The blend was added in 4 different concentrations (0.250%, 0.375%, 0.500% and 0.625%) next to a negative control. Furthermore, an additional treatment level of 0.750% was stored at 15.7°C. At day zero samples of the sardines were taken for Total Volatile Nitrogen (TVN) analysis prior to distribution into the storage containers.
TVN is often used as a criterion for the freshness of fish raw material (Haaland and Njaa, 1987). This value in the fish before processing is known as the most important quality criteria for raw industrial fish. The main constituents of TVN are trimethylamine and ammonia. Its amount increases with time of storage in the unfrozen state. Trimethylamine originates from bacterial decomposition, and the presence in fish is therefore taken as an indication for bacterial growth, while the ammonia comes from breaking amino acids – thus reducing the quality of the available protein. Levels of 40 to 80 mg TVN per 100 g fish mass are regarded by the industry as limits for a good quality fish meal for instance.
At both temperatures the pH levels of the treated sardines were lower than the control - the lowest pH being on the highest concentration of preservative. Within treatments, once stabilised there were no significant changes in the pH-level. The overall Total Volatile Nitrogen level at the start of the experiment was 36.2 mg / 100 g fish. Values in the control increased rapidly and exceeded already 80 mg after 72 hours at 9.8°C storage temperature, while they reached the same level after only 48 hours at 15.7°C. At both temperatures the fast TVN development was delayed by the addition of the potassium diformate blend. This delay was however dosage dependent. At 9.8°C it took 120 hours to exceed 80 mg TVN per 100 g fish material with 0.25%, 144 hours with 0.375% and 0.5%, while it took 192 hours to reach the limit of 80 mg TVN if the fish was stored with 0.625% of the potassium diformate blend. Comparable time periods at 15.7°C were 48 h, 72 h, 72 h and 120 h (see table 1).
Table 1: Time in hours until the 80 mg TVN limit per 100 g sardines is reached at different temperatures with or without acid-treatment
The determined results clearly indicate that due to the addition of a potassium diformate blend an extension of the storage period of fish can be achieved, even under high temperatures – indicating the storage without ice. The storage period for sardines added 0.625% potassium diformate blend or higher was 2.5 times longer than that for the control at both temperatures and is reaching either 8 or 5 days for storage temperatures of around 10°C and 16°C respectively. This seems to be a very important finding, since many fish landing places in rural areas of South East Asia and Latin America are often lacking appropriate cooling devices or possibilities.
Literature available upon request.
Author: Christian Lückstädt, PhD in Fish Nutrition - ADDCON Nordic AS, Norway
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