it is possible that it is present the syndrome of mastitis metritis agalactia, this information can be he useful.
Syndrome MMA or Disgalactia Posparto in the Sow.
The syndrome of disgalactia posparto in the sow is one of the main causes of problems neonatales in the exploitations. Their economic repercussions are considerable, since it produces high losses as much for mortality perinatal as for lack of growth of the pigs.
The term syndrome metritis-mamitis-agalactia (MMA), proposed in 1958 by Tharp and Amstutz (León Vizcaíno et to the., 2001), it is used in a routine way in Spain. However, the practice demonstrates that metritis and mamitis are not always evidenciables, for what would be more appropriate to define it as syndrome of disgalactia posparto (SDPP) (Klopfenstein et to the., 1999).
The syndrome MMA should not be considered more than like a form peculiar of the SDPP, probably the most serious but also the less frequent one at the present time (Martineau et to the., 1992 Martineau and Klopfenstein, 1998, 1999). The SDPP is one of the main causes of problems endemic neonatales (diarrhea, squashing, insufficient development), for what its economic repercussion in the exploitation is very important.
Etiología
It is difficult to explain the etiología of the SDPP without understanding the fisiopatología of the nursing. In the gestation, you suckle them (lobe-alveolar glandular system and conduits galactóforos) they will reach their maximum development under the conjugated action of estrógenos and progesterona. Little before the childbirth, thanks to the prolactina, the gland begins the milky secretion. The prolactina, with a complex hormonal lactogénico, it will maintain this secretion up to 3-5 days after the weaning (Illera, 1984).
The alvéolos or acinis (basic unit of the mammary gland) they are small vesicles formed by a simple sheet of cells epiteliales secretoras that you/they surround a cavity recovered by the membrane basal, small capillary channels and cells mioepiteliales. The exit to the exterior of the milk (ejection) it will be conditioned by a reflective neurohormonal caused by the suction of the pigs in the nipples of you suckle them that will reach the nervous centers of the hipotálamo segregating the oxitocina for the roads eferentes. This hormone will assure the contraction of the cells mioepiteliales causing the emptying of the alvéolos. The oxitocina secretion also depends on the external stimuli (calm and hygienic environment and a correct feeding).
A scarce suction that doesn't empty the alvéolos completely (pigs smaller than 0,7 kg, sick or weak) and the estrés (maternal restlessness, blows, feeding change or of atmosphere in an abrupt way) they can originate a descent of the milky secretion, with quick involución of the glandular parénquima (Seculí et to the., 1980).
The estrés inhibits the ejection of the milk, since the adrenaline that he/she appears when being stimulated the axis produces vasoconstricción in the mammary glasses and it prevents that the oxitocina arrives to the cells mioepiteliales. The alvéolos doesn't contract and the milk is not expelled, accumulating in he/she suckles her (Blackish Ocejo, 1995).
The sharp mamitis appears when the milk retained in the udders with dirt, excrements and flows vulvares in those that bacterias like Escherichia coli, Klebsiella, Staphylococcus spp prevail being contaminated. and Streptococcus spp. (Bertschinger, 1999). He/she has like cause predisponente the traumatisms that facilitate the step of germs to he/she suckles her.
The main symptom of the SDPP, the hipogalaxia, derives of the endotoxinas production that you/they interfere with the normal activity of diverse enzymatic systems determining inflammatory states through the increase of the prostaglandinas levels (Blood et to the., 1979).
The endotoxinas that come from the degradation of bacterias coliformes (E. coli, K. pneumoniae, Enterobacter aerogenes) (León Vizcaíno et to the., 2001), when passing to the general sanguine circulation (endotoxemia), besides causing important cardiovascular and immunologic changes, they reduce the circulating thyroid hormone, the cortisol concentrations increase and they suppress the prolactina production for the hipófisis, affecting the calostro production and milk adversely (Merck & Co., 2000), especially of the first to the third day after the childbirth (Rosell et to the., 1986).
It is important that the pig ingests the calostro in the first hours of life, while the intestinal epithelium stays permeable to the inmunoglobulinas, since the placenta of the sow is epiteliocorial and it doesn't allow the step of antibodies from the mother to the fetus, for what the pig when being born won't be immunized (Delouis and Richard, 1993).
Three main focuses of bacterial multiplication and high production of endotoxinas can be identified: the mammary gland (mamitis), the tract urogenital (cystitis, vaginitis and metritis) and the digestive tract (constipation) (Martineau and Klopfenstein, 1999).
The metritis usually appears after a complicated childbirth (lingering, distócico, with retention placentaria or fetal). The insufficient supply of water and the inadequate drinking troughs usually associate to cistitispielonefritis, and this with metritis.
A too plentiful feeding or an intestinal atony favor the constipation and the retention of grounds, with multiplication of bacterias endotoxinas producers that are absorbed for via hemodigestiva and that they cause disgalactia.
Sintomatología
The consequence of this pathology is a high direct economic loss for mortality perinatal, and insinuation for lack of growth of the pigs, sometimes associated to sick females (MMA) and in most of the cases to female asintomáticas (SDPP) (Martineau et to the., 1992 Martineau and Klopfenstein, 1999).
The sows that have bigger risk of suffering SDPP are those that present problems locomotives, exercise absence, obesity, childbirth lingering and high prolificidad (León Vizcaíno et to the., 2001).
I square 1. Pathology of the nursing.
Disgalactia or Disgalaxia
Inhibition of the ejection of the milk
Inhibition of the lactogénesis and galactopoyesis
Partially: hipogalactia or hipogalaxia
Total: agalactia or agalaxia
Mamitis or Mastitis
Sows asintomáticas
The SDPP is presented the first week after the childbirth, especially during the first three days, although in more than the 50 of the affected females he/she decreases the production of milk in the 24 hours initials.
The main difficulty to which front should be made is to identify the sows that present disgalactia precociously and they are origin of litters problem, with the purpose of establishing a treatment to protect the nursing and, as consequence of it, the life of the pigs, or to look for them an adoptive mother.
During the initial stages of the SDPP, the pigs try to suckle during a lingering time and they repeat the suction to frequent intervals, not being tranquilized after the amamantamiento (screeches) (Seculí et to the., 1980). As they weaken, the intents of breastfeeding diminish and frequently they are still on hot areas (Merck & Co. ,2000). The pigs with an insufficient ingestion of milk present bigger susceptibility to suffer diarrhea, starvation, weakness for hipoglucemia, delay in the growth, squashing for the sow and mortality perinatal.
The edginess in the childbirth and the setting-up for the first time of the nursing in the primerizas make that these have bias to a low production milkmaid (Pérez, 2002).
Sick sows
The syndrome MMA appears almost immediately after the childbirth and it is characterized to present some of the following symptoms (León Vizcaíno et to the., 2001):
It discharges vaginal.
Decrease of the milky secretion in an or several you suckle.
Mamitis.
Feverish state of variable intensity.
Cutaneous, circulatory signs, locomotives and nervous.
Affection of the general state of the pigs.
Treatment
The treatment is symptomatic, and he/she should begin as soon as it is possible.
The use of antibiotics is indispensable to treat the fever puerperal, the mamitis, the metritis and the diarrheas neonatales. Although antibiotics are used as amikacina, amoxicilina with sour clavulánico, ampicilina, apramicina, cefalotina, cefoxitina, ceftiofur, colistina, enrofloxacina, enromicina, estreptomicina, flumequine, gentamicina, neomicina, nitrofurano, ofloxacina, penicillin, polimixina, sulfonamida, tetraciclina, tilosina, trimetoprim-sulfametoxazol, among other, the fármaco to use should be chosen carefully according to the result of the antibiograma to be effective against the isolated bacteria (Plonait et to the., 1992 León Vizcaíno et to the., 2001). The treatment intramamario is impossible (Merck & Co., 2000), given the anatomy of the mammary gland in the sow (Anadón et to the., 1996).
The sharp form of metritis that posparto appears in the two weeks usually talks to antibiotics during long periods: 14-60 days (Dalby, 1997). You can also use -with variable results - the local application of an antibiotic solution in uterus before he/she closes the cérvix (Callén and Falceto, 1995).
The administration of 5-10 UI of oxitocina to intervals of 3-4 hours (Merck & Co., 2000) or 6 hours (Martineau et to the., 1992), injected 2 or 3 times according to the requirements of the sow, it produces the emptying of the mammary alvéolos and of the uterus (Seculí et to the., 1980), also increasing the intestinal peristaltismo (León Vizcaíno et to the., 2001). Equally you can use an unique dose of cabertocina.
The antiinflamatorios employment in MMA allows to reduce the effects of the bacterial endotoxinas. The actions antipiréticas, antiinflamatorias and analgesic of the AINE (as aspirin, dipirona, fenilbutazona, metamizol, flunixin meglumina) they reduce the mammary, uterine alteration and the cystitis. Their effect on the hipertermia and the appetite is more precocious and quicker than that of the antibiotics, and they favor the turn to the normality in the ingestion of liquids, what allows to maintain the nursing. The single fact of suppressing the pain exercises a beneficial effect on the ulterior loss of the nursing.
An injection deep intramuscular of 2,2 mg/kg of weight lives off flunixin carried out meglumina 48 at 60 hours after the childbirth it blocks the prostaglandinas synthesis, when inhibiting the enzyme ciclooxigenasa, improving the state of the sow sensibly and increasing the yields. If the sow requires it, he/she can administer himself a second dose 12 hours later. The antiinflamatorios esteroideos also impedes the liberation of acids fatty precursors of the prostaglandinas. Besides with the antiinflamatorios, the edema of he/she suckles it can be solved by means of a low dose of diuretic (Martineau et to the., 1992).
Locally in the affected glands of mamitis we can apply emollient, astringent ointments, antiinflamatorias, antibiotic and analgesic, malaxar suckles her to disintegrate the clots of milk that obstruct the roads excretoras, to milk to eliminate the acúmulo of polluted milk and, if it is necessary, to intervene the abscesses surgically.
The use of agents • bloqueantes like the carazolol help in the treatment of the SDPP (Martineau et to the., 1992). Equally, the homeopathy (Macleod, 1994) it can be useful in the treatment and prevention of the metritis, mamitis and agalactia. Also the acupuncture with bee poison could be effective in the SDPP (SeokHwa Choi and Seong-Soo Kang, 2001). They exist in the market commercial mixtures with character galactógeno to favor the increase of milk in the mother.
If it is necessary, a recently given birth to or weaned sow can serve as adoptive mother (Merck & Co., 2000) for the pigs of an affected female of disgalactia. He/she should have maternal temperament and an appropriate conformation of you suckle them and of the nipples (Martineau and Klopfenstein, 1999). It is contraindicated to equal litters after the 48 hours posparto (Pérez, 2002).
While one chooses the nurse he/she can administer himself frozen or artificial calostro and to inject serum glucosado to the pigs. We can also use lactorremplazantes like a supplementary source of feeding for the litter. The symptomatic treatment, besides being very expensive, doesn't solve the problem in the exploitation. It is indispensable to carry out a preventive treatment by means of the identification and correction of the factors of risk of SDPP in each farm.
I square 2. Disgalactia
Primary (hipotálamo-hipofisaria)
General illnesses
Metritis
Mamitis
Cystitis
Secondary (absence of suction stimulus)
Weak Neonato (little peso/enfermo/débil)
Handling factors
I square 3. Estrés causes in the sow during the periparto.
Pain
Environmental factors
I fry or heat
Abrupt changes of temperature
Currents of air
Handling factors
I change in the routine of amamantamiento Noises and absence of tranquility inadequate Design of the room of childbirths late Introduction in the room of childbirths Excessive manual intervention in the childbirth
Non fertile zeal of the first week posparto
Prevention
It is fundamental to improve the immune system of the female by means of lodging conditions, handling and adapted nutrition. The hygiene of the facilities should include daily cleaning, periodic disinfection and casting sanitarium.
It is important that the nulíparas has been during the 3-6 weeks before the childbirth in contact with the microorganisms of the exploitation (generally through the grounds) to create certain immunity in front of them (Dalby, 1997).
In the last days of gestation and in the first three posparto the general state of all the sows should be explored, to take the temperature rectally and to carry out exams and uterine laundries when it is necessary.
Before the childbirth it is advisable to wash and to disinfect the skin of you suckle them and to introduce the nipples in solution yodada (León Vizcaíno et to the., 2001).
He/she suits to think about maintaining or I don't eat future reproductoras to the females with metritis sharp posparto, since only they are not predisposed to the infertilidad, but rather they can also constitute an infection source for other animals (Callén and Falceto, 1995).
During the childbirth it is necessary to administer with much care the oxitocina, since if the moment or the dose are not the appropriate ones we can induce agalactia (Dalby, 1997), when interfering with the endogenous oxitocina (Illera, 1984).
The swinish species is very sensitive to the heat, since it doesn't lose it for cutaneous and breathing evaporation (only for conduction and radiation). Therefore, we will have to maintain appropriate and different temperatures for the mother and the pigs, without oscillations, and avoiding the currents of air.
The use of abundant water and a diet laxative or a soft purge (Gajecki et to the., 1988) it can correct the favorable situation for the coliformes multiplication.
In the farms where the SDPP is frequent, the induction of the childbirth with prostaglandinas and the attention has reduced the inadequacy of the nursing (Merck & Co., 2000). Also, the prostaglandinas use 36-48 h. posparto is useful in the prevention of the metritis in explo taciones with syndrome of dirty sow (Gil et to the., 1991 Him Kick, 1995).
Some authors say that the vaccines anticolibacilares or autovacunas are not effective (Bertschinger and Buhlmann, 1990), while others indicate that they could prevent this pathology (Pejsak et to the., 1990).
Although in some farms it can be useful the preventive employment of antibiotics (oral or intramuscular) before and after the childbirth, these should never substitute to a good handling and some hygienic lodgings.
The application of a dose of flunixin meglumina when concluding the childbirth supposes an improvement in the daily growth of the pig and in the weight of the weaned litter (Cantín et to the., 1999 Olive et to the one. 1999 Pérez, 2002). |
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