| NEWS |
 |
|
 | Canola protein to feed aquaculture - 05/15/2008
Protein extracted from Saskatchewan canola could be finding its way to fish farms around the world to replace the disappearing Peruvian anchovy. Toronto-based Bio-Extraction Inc. is building a $10-million low-volume, low-temperature canola... |
|
 | Quality of cured and smoked salmon and trout generally good - 05/15/2008
NIFES has analysed 70 smoked or cured salmon and trout products from leading retailers and manufacturers in Norway. None of the products contained concentrations of undesirable substances above the EU´s maximum levels, and the microbiological... |
|
|
|
 Technical Articles
/ Technical Articles' List
/
Back to Aquaculture
|
| |
Effect of feeds, feeding and natural foods on freshwater prawn production |
  (1 Sent)
Who saw this article? New!
Author: SHAWN COYLE and JAMES H. TIDWELL - Kentucky State University (Courtesy of Alltech Inc.)
While the absolute nutritional requirements of prawns appear to be similar to those of penaeid shrimps, the diets used in their commercial pond production differ significantly. This is due primarily to the lower biomass densities at which prawns are cultured, which allows a greater contribution of natural foods in their production. A series of studies at Kentucky State University evaluated the roles of natural foods, preferences for different taxa of natural foods, and the development of the most economically efficient feeding technologies when combined with recent improvements in production technologies.
Evaluation of complete feeds, supplemental feeds, and organic fertilization
Feed costs constitute 40-60% of operational costs in production of the freshwater prawn Macrobrachium rosenbergii (D’Abramo and Sheen, 1991). Corbin et al. (1983) suggested that the major portion of macronutrients (protein, etc) for freshwater prawns needs to be supplied by prepared feeds, but that required levels of micronutrients (vitamins and minerals) could be derived from natural productivity, or stimulated productivity of natural foods in the culture ponds.
A better understanding of the role of natural productivity in prawn nutrition and development of methods for selective management of desirable components is needed (MacLean et al., 1989). This could result in decreased production costs based upon providing a combination of pelleted rations and pond organisms to satisfy nutrient requirements (Corbin et al., 1983). This study was designed to evaluate production and population characteristics of pond-raised prawns fed a complete diet, a supplemental diet (a similar formulation but with fish meal and vitamin and mineral supplements removed), or the supplemental diet with an adjunct organic pond fertilization regime to enhance secondary productivity within the ponds. The relationships of treatment to type and quantity of potential prawn forage organisms (benthic macroinvertebrates) were also examined.
Experimental diets were formulated to contain 32% protein. Ingredient composition of the complete diet was similar to that of the diet utilized by D’Abramo et al. (1989) and Tidwell et al. (1993), and contained 15% fish meal. In the formulation of the supplemental diet, fish meal was eliminated, distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS) was added at 40% of the formulation, and soybean meal was increased slightly to maintain the crude protein level. The DDGS used in the study was a homogeneous composite from seven distilleries.
Treatments were evaluated in triplicate 0.04 ha ponds stocked at 40,000/ha with 0.5 g prawns. Based on sample data there were significant differences between the regression lines for average weights over time (growth) in prawns fed the complete diet and supplemental diet without organic pond fertilization and between those fed the supplemental diet with and without fertilization.
There was no significant difference between regression lines for prawns fed the complete diet and those fed the supplemental diet with an organic pond fertilization regime. At harvest, average values over the three treatments were: yield 943 kg/ha, survival 76%, individual weight 31 g and feed conversion 3.9. Deletion of vitamin and mineral supplements and replacement of fish meal in prawn diets was associated with a reduction (P<0.05) in total benthic macroinvertebrate populations, possibly due to increased predatory pressure by prawns (Figures 1 and 2). In ponds where prawns were fed the supplemental diet, organic fertilization increased (P<0.05) total benthic macroinvertebrates and increased by 15% average prawn weight at harvest. Results indicate that prawns may increase predation when essential nutrients are deleted from prepared diets and that the supply of potential forage organisms may be increased by organic fertilization.
Prawn production and natural food availability in unfed, fertilized, and fed systems
Tidwell et al. (1995) suggested that prawns fed diets with varying nutritional quality in ponds could compensate by increasing predation on macroinvertebrates. Although the nutritional role of natural productivity is obviously important, it remains ill-defined. This lack of understanding limits the potential for developing management procedures to maximize the availability of desirable organisms (Corbin et al., 1983). A second study was designed to generate information on: 1) effects of prawns on macroinvertebrate populations in ponds; 2) invertebrate taxa preferred by prawns as food; 3) level of prawn productivity supported by natural productivity; and 4) relative effects of organic fertilization and formulated feed on macroinvertebrate populations and prawn production.
Relative prawn production rates in unfed, organically fertilized, and fed pond systems were evaluated. Populations of benthic macroinvertebrates that potentially serve as forage organisms in these systems were also evaluated and compared with ponds without prawns to evaluate forage preferences. Juvenile prawns (0.36 ± 0.02 g) were stocked into nine 0.04 ha ponds at a density of 39,520/ha. Prawns in three ponds were not fed, prawns in three ponds were fed a complete diet, and three ponds received organic fertilization. Three additional ponds (0.02 ha) served as controls (not stocked with prawns and receiving no nutrient input).
At harvest, survival averaged 86% overall, and was not significantly different among treatments. Average weights of prawns fed complete feed or raised in fertilized ponds (36 and 33 g, respectively) were not significantly different. Prawns in unfed ponds were smaller (P<0.05) (13 g). Average prawn yields in fed, fertilized, and unfed ponds (1261, 1056, 426 kg/ha, respectively) were all significantly different from each other (Figure 3).
In ponds receiving no nutrient input, macroinvertebrate densities were higher (P<0.05) in ponds without shrimp (controls) than in those stocked with shrimp (Figure 4a). In ponds stocked with shrimp, macroinvertebrate densities in fed and fertilized treatments were greater (P<0.05) than in the unfed treatment, but not significantly different from each other. Insect taxa showed a greater negative response to prawn predation than noninsects (Figure 4b). Non-insect taxa demonstrated a more positive response to fertilizer and feed than insects (Figures 4c and d).
Although prawn production in organically fertilized ponds was surprisingly high (>1000 kg/ha), economic analysis demonstrated higher net returns when prawns were fed a prepared diet, principally due to the production of greater numbers of large, high value prawns (Figure 5).
Figure 1. Effects of a complete diet containing fish meal and a supplemental diet based on DDGS with or without organic pond fertilization on macroinvertebrate numbers.
Figure 2. Effects of a complete diet containing fish meal and a supplemental diet based on DDGS with or without organic pond fertilization on macroinvertebrate types.
Comparison of phase feeding and standard prawn diets in intensive prawn production
Recent developments in prawn production technologies such as added substrate, increased stocking densities, size grading, and increased feed rates have increased production rates from 900- 1000 kg/ha to over 2500 kg/ha (Figure 6). While prawn can receive substantial nutritional benefit from natural foods at the lower biomass densities, at higher production rates prawns are likely more dependent on prepared diets. To ensure that maximum production is being achieved by these new production technologies, growth rates must not be nutritionally constrained. This study was conducted to compare the current recommended technology of phase feeding of different quality feedstuffs to prawn of different sizes with the feeding of a high quality penaeid diet throughout the production season.
Figure 3. Effect of formulated feed and organic fertilization on freshwater prawn production.
Figure 4. Effect of formulated feed and organic fertilization on macroinvertebrates, insect and non-insect taxa of freshwater prawn ponds.
Figure 5. Effect of formulated feed and organic fertilization on prawn size distribution.
A previous study indicated that even when prawn production is intensified beyond 2000 kg/ha the use of higher protein, high fish meal diets early in the production season is not justified. A follow-up study was designed to determine if the phase feeding regime was economically justified compared to the use of a 32% protein diet throughout the production period.
Two treatments were evaluated. Treatment 1 was phase feeding (current technology, Control) where prawn were fed unpelleted diets based on distillers grains with solubles (DDGS) for the first four weeks, for weeks 5-12 a 28% protein prawn diet, and for weeks 13-18 a 40% protein penaeid diet. In Treatment 2, prawn were fed the 40% protein penaeid diet throughout the entire production period. Feeding rates in both treatments were based on a feeding table.
There were three replicate 0.04 ha ponds for each treatment. All ponds were stocked at 59,280/ha and provided with artificial substrate in the form of polyethylene ‘safety fence’ oriented vertically to increase available surface by 50%. At harvest, there was no significant difference in average weight, survival, total production, or feed conversion in prawns fed according to the two diet regimes. However, the number of prawns achieving market weights (>20 g) was significantly higher in the phase-fed treatment and total production of premium size prawns was also higher in phase-fed ponds (Figure 7).
Feed costs were 9% higher in phase-fed ponds.
If differential pricing for different size categories is not available, then phase feeding may not be justified. If the market pays higher prices for larger prawn sizes, then phase feeding may be advantageous.
Figure 6. Effect of graded amounts of added substrate on prawn production.
Figure 7. Effects of phase-feeding versus a panaeid diet on percentage of marketable prawn produced.
Summary
- Prawns can increase utilization of natural foods if fish meal or macronutrients are eliminated from feed.
- The carrying capacity of an unfed pond is approximately 425 kg/ha. Organic fertilization can support approximately 1000 kg/ha.
- Pelleted feeds primarily benefit large individuals, which cannot forage as efficiently.
- Phase feeding is based on efficient utilization of natural foods at low prawn biomasses. Initially organic fertilizers are used. Prawn pellets are phased in as prawn biomass increases and natural foods become depleted. High quality penaeid diets are provided to provide large individuals with access to nutrient dense food items.
- Use of penaeid diets through the production season does not appear to be economically justified, even at prawn production rates >2,000 kg/ha.
- Use of prawn pellets through the production season appears to be the most economical feeding method unless the market is based on large individual sizes (>45 g).
References
Corbin, J.S., M.M. Fujimoto and T.Y. Iwai, Jr. 1983. Feeding practices and nutritional considerations for Macrobrachium rosenbergii culture in Hawaii. In: CRC Handbook of Mariculture (J.P. McVey, ed). CRC Press, Boca Raton, Fl, pp. 391- 423.
D’Abramo, L.R., J.M. Heinen, H.R. Robinette and J.S. Collins. 1989. Production of freshwater prawn Macrobrachium rosenbergii stocked as juveniles at different densities in temperature zone ponds. J. World Aqua. Soc. 20:81-89.
D’Abramo, L.R. and S.S. Sheen. 1991. Nutritional requirements, feed formulation and feeding practices for intensive culture of the freshwater prawn Macrobrachium rosenbergii. Rev. Fisheries Sci. 2:1-21.
Karplus, I., G. Hulata, G.W. Wohlfarth and A. Halevy. 1986. The effect of density of Macrobrachium rosenbergii raised in earthen ponds and their population structure and weight distribution. Aquaculture 52:307-320.
MacLean, M.H., K.J. Ang, J.H. Brown and K. Jauncey. 1989. The effect of organic fertilizer and formulated feed in pond culture of the freshwater prawn, Macrobrachium rosenbergii (De Man): Prawn production. Aqua. Fisheries Man. 20:399- 406.
Tidwell, J.H., C.D. Webster, D.H. Yanceyand L.R. D’Abramo. 1993. Partial and total replacement of fish meal with soybean meal and distiller’s byproducts in diets for pond culture of the freshwater prawn (Macrobrachium rosenbergii). Aquaculture 118:119-130.
Tidwell, J.H., C.D. Webster, J.D. Sedlaceck, P.A. Weston, W.L. Knight, S.J. Hill, Jr., L.R. D’Abramo, W.H. Daniels, M.J. Fuller and J.L. Montanez. 1995. Effects of complete and supplemental diets and organic pond fertilization on production of Macrobrachium rosenbergii and associated benthic macroinvertebrate populations. Aquaculture 138:169-180.
Authors: SHAWN COYLE and JAMES H. TIDWELL
Aquaculture Research Center, Kentucky State University, Frankfort, Kentucky, USA
Author: SHAWN COYLE and JAMES H. TIDWELL - Kentucky State University (Courtesy of Alltech Inc.)
(1 Sent)
Who saw this article? New!
MAKE A COMMENT ABOUT THIS ISSUE.
 
|
|
ENGOREART ACU 20080516
|
| |
|
Usted necesita actualizar su Flash Player
| |
|
| |
Related Products |
 |
| |
 |
Priya Chemicals (India) |
AMCHEMIN-AQ
Amchemin-Aq consists of Mixture of Mineral Chelates of Amino Acids developed specailly to act as Feed Attractant for Aquatic population, Fish, Prawn a...
|
|
| |
| |
 |
Agranco Corp. (United States) |
Oxydol
For Cleaning and Restoring Oxygene in Aquaculture Ponds
TECHNICAL SUMMARY
What is OXYDOL aquaculture?
OXYDOL is a blend of enzymes, prob...
|
|
| |
| |
|
| |
| |
|
| |
| |
|
| |
| |
|
| |
| |
| |
Technical Articles |
|
| |
The use of acid-based preservatives as storage control for fish, offal or by-catch
Almost one-third of the world fish harvest is not used for direct human consumption, but is converted into fish meal or fish oil f ...
The Benefits of Fish Meal in Aquaculture Diets
Fishmeal is recognized by nutritionists as a high-quality, very digestible feed ingredient that is favored for addition to the die ...
Mycotoxins, an overlooked threat in shrimp farming!
BackgroundMost of the problems currently confronting the shrimp farming industry are related to the widespread occurrence of disea ...
Natural Growth Promoters, a sustainable solution to improve gut health and performance in aquaculture species
Feed transformation into biomass gain it’s a process that starts in the digestive system of the animal. As such, its health stat ...
Vibrio Infections of Fish
Vibrio infections usually occur in fish from marine and estuarine environments, and have been reported throughout the world. Occas ...
The Concept of Ideal Protein in Formulation of Aquaculture Feeds
Aquaculture feeds characteristically contain a higher percent of protein than feeds used in agriculture for poultry, swine, and be ...
The Use of Potassium Permanganate in Fish Ponds
Potassium permanganate, KMnO4 , is a chemical oxidizing agent that will react with any organic matter in a pond including algae, b ...
Fish Nutrition: a review
For many years water quality has been the most important limitation to fish production. Advances in life support technology have b ...
Aquaculture Health Management: Fungal Diseases of Fish
Fungi are a group of organisms called heterotrophs that require living or dead matter for growth and reproduction. Unlike plants, ...
What Are Nutrient-Dense Fish Feeds and Their Importance in Aquaculture?
Dietary nutrient-density refers to the amount or proportion of a particular nutrient in relation to the total amount of nutrients ...
|
 See all...
| | | | | Related Forums | | | | Article: The Use of Proteins in Aquaculture Feeds
News: Global Aquaculture and Fisheries Market to Exceed 123 Million Tons by 2009
Article: Nutritional and management strategies to promote shrimp health
Article: The organic aquaculture movement: a role for NuPro™ as an alternative protein source
Article: The Concept of Ideal Protein in Formulation of Aquaculture Feeds
News: New pea protein based aquafeed factory taking shape in Germany
Article: Nutritious attempts to detoxify aflatoxic diets of tilapia fish (Fish performance, feed and nutrients utilization, organs indices, residues and blood parameters)
News: USA - FDA: Melamine in fish feed poses no risk
Article: The prospects of frozen livestock and fish products marketing in Nigeria
News: Neptune addresses USDA on alternative feeds
Article: The Use of Potassium Permanganate in Fish Ponds
News: Fish farmers advised to add plants
News: U.S. Grains Council Sees DDGS Potential in Indonesia's Aquaculture Sector
News: U.S. Grains Council Sees DDGS Potential in Indonesia's Aquaculture Sector
News: DDGS: a potential feed for sustainable shrimp farming
|
|
